（38) What is given as the major reason that offshoring has become a controversial political issue in the United States recently?

1. It has now become evident that the appearance of new white-collar jobs to replace the loss of blue-collar jobs will not occur.

2.Many sectors have already experienced severe job losses, with no additional jobs being created to replace them.

3.The job losses have increasingly moved from blue-collar sectors to white-collar sectors, groups
with greater political power.

4.It is clear that no segment of the economy is left intact in the present free-trade environment,
so almost everyone is feeling the pressure.
（39) According to opponents of free trade, what is the main cause of the current job losses?

1. The development of the Internet has increased global awareness of workers’ salaries, so skilled workers in less-developed countries are demanding change.

2. New developments in technology have enabled American companies to access cheaper labor pools overseas more easily.

3. Greedy corporations are willing to sacrifice quality and efficiency in their search for ever-larger profits.

4. Information technology has literally shrunk the world of business, weakening employee loyalty to local corporations .　
（40)

How is David Ricardo’s theory different from that of Adam Smith?

1. Ricardo claims that it is in the interest of nations to avoid competing in those markets where they are no longer competitive.

2. Ricardo is less optimistic, saying that the theory of competitive advantage clearly means that there are winners and losers.

3. Ricardo argues that nations that do not have an advantage in any market may actually still have opportunities to produce and sell.

4. Ricardo argues that it is in the interests of more competitive countries to consider their impact on less competitive countries.

（41)

Based on Gomory and Baumol’s work, how should the United States handle its trade relations with China?

1. It should take measures to compete with China every step of the way, for losing its advantages could spell disaster.

2. It should accept that China will impact on its economy to a certain point, but then fight to protect its own industries after that.

3. It should welcome wage equity, for wealthy Chinese workers will provide new markets for American products.

4. It should encourage the loss of underdeveloped sectors to China, but do its best to protect the more developed parts of the economy.


(語句)

offshore (外国にある)
*U.S. companies ①enjoyed a ②plethora of low-priced goods (アメリカ企業は(オフショアカンパニーよって)②余りあるほどの低価格の商品を①享受してきた)
*offshoring is an accepted part of the equation (低コストを求めて企業が海外進出することはある程度受け入れられた状況であり・・・)
*reservation agent (予約代理人(エージェント))
*tasks that are easily replicable with the aid of computer (コンピュータの力で、そっくり簡単に置き換えられる仕事)
*Few politicians can afford to ignore the more politically ①savvy and vociferous section of the workforce whose job are under threat.
(より政治的に①精通し、そして失業の危険に脅かされる労働者達が②声高に主張する問題にたいして、ほとんどの政治家は無視するほどの余裕はなかった)
*Critics of the Bush administration’s commitment to free trade charged it with presiding complacently over a massive loss of jobs to overseas company.
(ブッシュ政権の自由貿易への取り組みに対して、批評家達は、先頭に立ってオフショアカンパニーを促進し、大量の失業者を生みだしているとしてその政権を非難した)
take advantage of globalization to swell their coffers at the expense of white-collar workers
(企業をグロバール化させることによって、ホワイトカラーの人件費を抑え、収益を大きく伸ばしている)
fuel people’s fear (人々の不安を煽る)
preach on the efficacy of free trade (自由貿易の有効性を説く)